Review model
Each journal publishes its review model. In double-blind review, reviewer and author identities are withheld from each other. In single-blind review, reviewers know the authors' identities but remain anonymous to authors.
Reviewer selection
Editors invite reviewers with relevant expertise who have no conflict of interest. A reviewer may decline an assignment. Reviewers must not use or share the manuscript before publication.
Review reports
Reviewers provide a recommendation (accept, minor revision, major revision, or reject), comments for the author, and may add confidential comments for the editor. Confidential comments are never shared with authors.
Revisions
Where revision is required, the author uploads a revised manuscript with a note describing the changes. Revisions re-enter review and are assessed again before a final decision.
Timeliness
Reviewers are given a due date when assigned. Editors monitor outstanding reports and may invite additional reviewers if a report is delayed.